Nanotechnology for Water Purification and Desalination

Abstract

Water scarcity and contamination are pressing global challenges that threaten human health and sustainable development. Traditional water treatment and desalination technologies often face limitations related to energy consumption, cost, and efficiency in removing complex pollutants. Nanotechnology, the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, presents a transformative approach to overcoming these barriers. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the role of nanotechnology in advancing water purification and desalination processes. It explores the unique properties of various nanomaterials—including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, and polymeric nanocomposites—and their mechanisms for removing contaminants such as heavy metals, pathogens, organic pollutants, and salts. The paper also examines the development of nanostructured membranes that enhance desalination efficiency while reducing fouling and energy demands. Environmental and health implications of nanomaterial usage are discussed, emphasizing the need for safe-by-design approaches and robust regulatory frameworks. Current challenges, including scalability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory acceptance, are identified alongside future research directions that focus on multifunctional materials, hybrid systems, and smart monitoring technologies. Real-world case studies highlight the commercial viability and societal impact of nano-enabled water technologies. Ultimately, this review underscores the critical potential of nanotechnology to contribute to global water sustainability, provided that innovation proceeds responsibly with multidisciplinary collaboration and policy support.